کاربرد و گرامر Inversion در انگلیسی

وارونه‌سازی (Inversion) در زبان انگلیسی به شکل عمومی به معنی قرار گرفتن Verb قبل از Subject است. وارونه سازی معمولا در پنج مورد مختلف در زبان انگلیسی مشاهده می‌شود.

مورد اول: گرامر Inversion در ساخت جملات پرسشی

به مثال ذیل که کاربرد متداول Inversion در ساخت جملات پرسشی را نشان می‌دهد دقت کنید:

He is tired.
Is he tired?

اگر فعل اصلی جمله "Be" باشد، در Present Simple و Past Simple فقط کافی است که جای Verb و Subject را عوض کنید:

Present Simple with 'be': am I - are you - is she
Past Simple with 'be': were you - was he

در Tense و Aspect های دیگر که دارای فعل Auxiliary هستند، جای اولین فعل Auxiliary (اگر دارای چند Auxiliary باشیم) و Subject را با هم عوض می‌کنیم و سایر اجزاء Verb Phrase جابه‌جایی نخواهند داشت.

Present continuous: are you coming - am I going
Past continuous: were they going - was she coming
Present perfect: has he gone - have they done
Present perfect continuous: have they been going - has he been going
Past perfect: had you gone
Past perfect continuous: had she been going
Future simple: will you go
Future continuous: will they be going
Future perfect: will they have gone
Future perfect continuous: will he have been going
Modal verbs: should I go - would you go

به یاد داشته باشیم که اگر فعل اصلی جمله "Be" نباشد برای ساختن سئوال در Present Simple و Past Simple از Do, Does, Did استفاده می‌شود و فعل اصلی به Base Form تبدیل خواهد شد.

Present simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'do' or 'does'): do you go / does he go
Past simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'did'): did we go / did they go

مورد دوم: گرامر Inversion در زمانی که از یک Negative Adverb یا Negative Adverb Phrase در ابتدای جمله استفاده شود.

می‌توان با هدف تاکید و یا جلب توجه یک Negative Adverb یا Negative Adverb Phrase را در ابتدای یک جمله قرار داد. این یک ساختار رسمی است و اگر شما قصد تاکید و یا جلب توجه را نداشته باشید می‌توانید Negative Adverb یا Negative Adverb Phrase در میانه ی جمله که شکل متداول‌تری است بیان کنید.

Seldom has he achieved such great success.
He has seldom achieved such great success.

در ادامه گروهی از Negative Adverb یا Negative Adverb Phrase ها را که می‌تواند در ابتدای جمله قرار گرفته و منجر به ایجاد وارونه سازی یا Inversion شود مشاهده می‌کنید.

Hardly					Hardly had I finished the report when I fell asleep.
Never					Never had we seen such a great movie before.
Seldom					Seldom do we see such an amazing sight.
Rarely					Rarely will you meet such a famous person.
Only then					Only then did I understand what he had said.
Not only ... but					Not only does he love movies but he also plays the guitar.
No sooner					No sooner had he arrived home than the guests rang the doorbell.
Scarcely					Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into a motorcycle.
Only later					Only later did we try to solve the problem.
Nowhere					Nowhere have I ever had such a bad experience.
Little					Little did I know!
Only in this way					Only in this way could he save enough money to buy the camera.
In no way					In no way do we agree with what they are offering.
On no account					On no account should they pay anything without our confirmation.

فراموش نکنید که در بعضی از موارد وارونه سازی یا Inversion در بند یا Clause دوم جمله رخ می‌هد. به نمونه‌های زیر توجه کنید:

Not until					Not until I saw she with my own eyes did I really believe she was fine.
Not since					Not since Alex left college had he had such a wonderful time.
Only after					Only after I'd seen her new office did I understand why she wanted to work there.
Only when					Only when he had arrived home did we feel calm.
Only by					Only by working extremely hard could you succeed in your job.

توجه کنید که Inversion فقط زمانی وجود خواهد داشت که Adverb تمام گزاره یا Phrase را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد یا Modify کند و نه فقط اسم یا Noun بعد از خودش را.

برای نمونه در جمله Hardly anyone know him وارونه سازی یا Inversion وجود نخواهد داشت چون قید Hardly فقط anyone را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد و نه کل Clause را.

مورد سوم: گرامر Inversion در جملات شرطی دارای "Had" یا "Were" یا "Should"

اگر جمله شرطی در بخش If Clause دارای یکی از فعل‌های Had یا Were یا Should باشد می‌توان از Inversion به جای If استفاده کرد. این یک ساختار کاملا رسمی است.

به نمونه ذیل توجه کنید:

If they had been there, such things wouldn't have happened.

همین مفهوم را می‌توان با Inversion و بدون استفاده از If بیان کرد:

Had they been there, such things wouldn't have happened.

و یا در نمونه دوم:

If he had arrived sooner, he could have met the boss.

که در این نمونه هم با استفاده از Inversion یک مفهوم شرطی بدون استفاده از واژه If بیان شده است.

Had he arrived sooner, he could have met the boss.

مورد چهارم: گرامر Inversion در مورادی که یک Adverbial Phrase of Place در ابتدای جمله قرار گیرد

اگر یک Adverbial Phrase of Place را در ابتدای جمله قرار گیرد نیز از Inversion استفاده می‌شود. توجه داشته باشید که این ساختار نیز بسیار رسمی است.

به این جمله توجه کنید:

The key we had lost was on the table.

وقتی که در این جمله Adverbial Phrase of the Place به ابتدای جمله منتقل می‌شود جای Subject و Verb تغییر می‌کند و وارونه سازی یا Inversion رخ می‌دهد.

On the table was the key we had lost.

مورد پنجم: گرامر Inversion در ساختار "so + adjective...that"

اگر ساختار "so + adjective ... that" در ابتدای جمله قرار گیرد نیز از Inversion استفاده می‌شود.